Anaerobic Strength Endurance Program
Aerobic exercise produces energy using a continuous supply of oxygen to sustain the current level of activity without needing additional energy from another source. But anaerobic exercise prompts your body to demand more energy than your aerobic system can produce.To produce more energy, your body uses its anaerobic system, which relies on energy sources stored in your muscles.Slower-paced exercises like jogging or endurance cycling are examples of aerobic exercise. Fast-paced workouts like sprinting, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), jumping rope, and interval training take the more intense approach of anaerobic exercise.One easy way to remember the difference between the two is the term “aerobic” means “with oxygen,” while “anaerobic” means “without oxygen.”. Oxygen is required for the body to be able to use fat for fuel. Since aerobic exercise uses oxygen to produce energy, it can use both fat and glucose for fuel. Anaerobic exercise, on the other hand, can only use glucose for fuel.Glucose is available in the muscles for quick and short bursts of movement, and can be used when the aerobic system is maxed out for a short period of time.When you begin to exercise vigorously, there is a temporary shortage of oxygen getting delivered to your working muscles. That means anaerobic exercise must be fueled using glucose through a process called glycolysis.Glycolysis occurs in muscle cells during high-intensity training without oxygen, producing energy quickly.
This process also produces lactic acid, which is the reason why your muscles get so tired after the energy burst.By engaging in anaerobic exercise regularly, your body will be able to tolerate and eliminate lactic acid more effectively. That means you’ll get tired less quickly. If anaerobic exercise sounds like a lot of work, that’s because it is.
Anaerobic Training Program
But the benefits that come with the intense fitness regime are enough to make you want to power through your next workout. Increases bone strength and densityAnaerobic activity — like resistance training — can increase the strength and density of your bones. This can also. Promotes weight maintenanceIn addition to helping your body handle lactic acid more effectively, anaerobic exercise can help you maintain a healthy weight.examining the effects of high-intensity training found that while the effect of regular aerobic exercise on body fat is small, HIIT training can result in modest reductions in stomach body fat.
Increases powerIt can increase your power. A conducted on division 1A baseball players found that players who did eight 20- to 30-second wind sprints three days a week saw their power increase by an average of 15 percent throughout the season. Boosts metabolismAnaerobic exercise helps boost metabolism as it builds and maintains lean muscle. The more lean muscle you have, the more calories you’ll burn during your next sweat session. High-intensity exercise is also thought to increase your post-workout calorie burn. Increases lactic thresholdBy regularly training above your anaerobic threshold, the body can increase its ability to handle lactic acid, which increases your, or the point at which you experience fatigue.
That means you’ll be able to work out harder, for longer. Fights depressionNeed a pick-me-up? Studies show that and even fight depression. Reduces risk of diseaseGains in strength and bone density attained by high-intensity anaerobic training, like bodyweight squats and pushups, can.
Protects jointsBy building your muscle strength and muscle mass, your joints will be better protected, meaning you’ll have greater protection against injury. Boosts energyConsistent anaerobic exercise increases your body’s ability to store glycogen (what your body uses as energy), giving you more energy for your next bout of intense physical activity. This can improve your athletic ability.
Botonis, PG, Toubekis, AG, and Platanou, TI. Concurrent strength and interval endurance training in elite water polo players. J Strength Cond Res 30(1): 126–133, 2016—This study compared the effects of different high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervals performed concurrently with strength and specific water polo training on performance indices of elite players.
During the precompetition season, 2 water polo clubs were assigned to either HIIT of 4 × 4 minutes ( n = 7, HIIT 4 × 4) or HIIT of 16 × 100-m swimming efforts ( n = 7, HIIT 16 × 100). Both clubs applied the swimming (6% above the speed corresponding to blood lactate concentration of 4.0 mmolL −1) and strength training (85–90% of 1 repetition maximum, 5 repetitions, 4 sets) twice per week concurrently with specific water polo training. Before and after the 8-week intervention period, maximal bench press strength was measured and a speed-lactate test (5 × 200 m) was performed to determine the speed corresponding to lactate concentration of 4.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mmolL −1. Maximal strength was improved in both groups (HIIT 4 × 4: 14 ± 4% vs. HIIT 16 × 100: 19 ± 10%).
Improvements in speed corresponding to 4.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mmolL −1 were shown only after HIIT 4 × 4 (9 ± 5, 8 ± 3, 7 ± 2%, respectively; p. IntroductionThe game of water polo requires the activation of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism for energy provision ( ), and match analysis has shown that dynamic body contacts between opponents frequently occur throughout a water polo match-play, requiring adequate muscle strength ( ). For these reasons, water polo training aims at enhancing both aerobic and anaerobic power together with muscular strength. Platanou and Geladas ( ) found that the overall water polo game mean heart rate corresponds to lactate threshold intensity. Because of this fact, training at or above lactate threshold with incomplete recovery between bouts is often performed by water polo players, aiming to improve their ability to cope with the game demands. Training at intensities above the lactate threshold activates both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and may produce important adaptations that improve swimming performance indices ( ).
Recently, D'Ercole et al. ( ) observed that HIIT with relatively short resting intervals (10–20 seconds) in nonelite water polo players resulted in significant improvements in swimming performance. Moreover, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) of long duration (1 minute) interspersed with long resting intervals (1 minute) is a training practice that increases exercise performance parameters in already trained athletes, with a concomitant increase in the maximal oxygen uptake (VCombining Dot AboveO 2max) or the speed at the lactate threshold ( ).In swimming, the physiological responses of long (4 × 400-m) and short work duration (16 × 100-m) HIIT at intensity between the lactate threshold and VCombining Dot AboveO 2max have been found to be similar ( ).
However, Libicz et al. ( ) reported slightly greater VCombining Dot AboveO 2 and heart rate responses with the longer duration efforts compared with the shorter ones in 2 training sessions performed at the velocity corresponding to VCombining Dot AboveO 2max. Whatever the case, the long-term effects of HIIT with different work and rest intervals on specific performance parameters of elite water polo players are still unknown.
Moreover, a comparison between HIIT of different work duration and rest interval is of great importance providing evidence as to which type of HIIT is more beneficial to use in the preseason conditioning.In real training conditions, HIIT is concurrently performed with strength and specific water polo training, including technical preparation, tactical training drills, and short sprint training. The influence of concurrent strength and endurance training on exercise performance has shown controversial results ( ).
More recently, it was shown that strength training, together with water polo training performed in-season, produced positive effects on performance qualities, such as 20-m swim sprint, jumping, throwing velocity, and strength level of water polo players ( ). To date, the effects of a combined program of strength training and HIIT, together with specific water polo training, on swimming endurance performance indices of elite players remains to be elucidated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of long duration with sufficient rest HIIT (HIIT 4 × 4) and short duration with incomplete rest HIIT (HIIT 16 × 100), concurrently performed with maximal strength and specific water polo training, on swimming endurance performance indices of elite water polo players.
Methods Experimental Approach to the ProblemTo compare the effects of an 8-week concurrent maximal strength and overload endurance training of long duration and long rest intervals (HIIT 4 × 4) with concurrent maximal strength and high-intensity interval training of short duration and short rest intervals (HIIT 16 × 100) on specific performance indices, 2 water polo clubs were randomly assigned to either HIIT 4 × 4 or HIIT 16 × 100 group. No effort was made to randomize players' participation within each group because this would not be approved by the coaches and players at the elite level and would be impractical in team training planning, control, and application.
A test for the measurement of maximal strength and an incremental swimming performance test were used to detect changes between pretraining to posttraining. The speed corresponding to blood lactate concentration of 4.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mmolL −1 (V4, V5, V10) was calculated before and after the training period to test any swimming endurance changes. In addition, the lactate tolerance ability, defined as the differential speed between blood lactate concentrations of 5.0 and 10.0 mmolL −1, was calculated ( ). A noncontrolled study was conducted because coaches normally include strength training in the preseason period and it would be unethical to persuade elite players to follow a “noncomplete” training schedule. The players applied HIIT programs (HIIT 4 × 4 or HIIT 16 × 100) twice a week. Maximal strength training (twice a week), sprint training (once a week), technical and tactical skills (5–6 days per week), and a friendly match-play (once a week) were similar between groups.
With the present experimental setting, the effect of different swimming endurance training protocols (HIIT 4 × 4 vs. HIIT 16 × 100) performed concurrently with strength and specific water polo training could be examined.
SubjectsTwo water polo clubs participating in men's top-level division Greek championship took part in the study. All players recruited from the first club ( n = 7, age: 29.9 ± 5.1 years, stature: 187.6 ± 7.1 cm, body mass: 90.2 ± 11.6 kg) were members of the finalist team in the Greek championship top-level division in the year 2011–2012, who had also competed in the European champions league tournament. The players of the second club ( n = 7, age: 28.9 ± 4.9 years, age range: 22–35 years, stature: 182.4 ± 7.2 cm, body mass: 88.6 ± 13.1 kg) were experienced water polo players who had been playing at top-level division for more than 5 years. All players trained on a daily basis. Written informed consent was obtained from all players before the commencement of the study. The study was approved by the faculty review board and conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki.
The compliance rate of 80% for both the HIIT and the strength training was the criteria for the completion of the study. Procedures Training Content of HIIT 4 × 4 and HIIT 16 × 100 GroupsPlayers of HIIT 4 × 4 group performed 4 × 4-minute bouts of freestyle swimming at an intensity that corresponded to ∼106% of V4, interspersed with 3 minutes of active recovery at self-selected intensity. This set of repetitions was performed twice a week: Monday and Wednesday mornings at 10:00 AM. The total swimming distance covered in each session was approximately 1,770 m (swimming bouts: 1,170 m, active recovery: 600 m). Training overview for both groups applying high-intensity interval training (HIIT 4 × 4 and HIIT 16 × 100) during the 8-week intervention period.The training intensity of HIIT 16 × 100 group corresponded to ∼106% of the V4 and consisted of 2 series of 8 × 100 m (16 × 100 m).
Each effort was interspersed with 20 seconds of passive rest. Two minutes of passive rest was given between each series. The HIIT 16 × 100 sessions were conducted on Tuesday and Thursday mornings at 10:00 AM.Every 2 weeks, the players of both groups were asked to attempt a slight increase of their training speed, maintaining a similar subjective perception while completing the HIIT session. Any speed improvement was recorded and used for the adjustment of training pace during subsequent HIIT. Strength Training and Specific Water Polo TrainingA specific 10-minute warm-up procedure using 10–15 repetitions of 50–60% of 1RM and stretching exercises was followed before the initiation of the strength training program.
This consisted of 4 sets of 4–5 repetitions at 85–90% 1RM with emphasis on maximal speed of movement in the concentric phase. When the participants were able to perform 6 repetitions, the load was increased by 2.5 kg. A 3-minute rest was allowed between each set. The exercises (bench press, seated pull-down, triceps press, shoulder press, and leg press) targeted specific muscles that are mainly used in water polo: pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, triceps, deltoids, and quadriceps.
The training sessions lasted approximately 50–60 minutes. All strength training sessions were supervised by the same experimenter and were performed on separate days for each group.Specific training included (a) sprint training (i.e., 10 × 25-m all-out swimming efforts with 2 minutes of active recovery; once a week), (b) technical training (passes for 10–15 minutes, shots for 10–15 minutes; 5–6 days a week), and (c) tactical training (counterattacks, “extra-man player” training, 20–25 minutes; 5–6 days a week).
All players were instructed to perform technical and tactical exercises at low to moderate intensity. Throughout the intervention period, strength training characteristics and training time for sprint, technical and tactical training, remained similar for both groups. The 2 training programs were used before the commencement of the competition period (precompetition season). The baseline test was conducted at the end of August, and the posttraining test was performed at the end of October.
All players had returned from ∼45 days off-season holidays in which they participated in basic endurance and fitness training twice a week ( resistance training at low-medium intensities and 10 repetitions, basketball, handball). Five days before the baseline tests, players of both clubs followed a low-intensity swimming training with similar characteristics as an introductory microcycle in the beginning of the preseason training period. During the intervention period, players were receiving daily instructions and recommendations for their diet according to training intensity and duration. An expert dietician was responsible for the nutritional recommendations in both groups. Pretraining and Posttraining Testing ProceduresThe week before commencement and the week after the experimental training period, the players' fitness level was evaluated through an incremental swimming test (5 × 200 m) as previously described by Tsekouras et al.
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After a 10-minute standardized warm-up, participants swam 5 repetitions of 200 m, in an outdoor 25-m pool, at intensities corresponding to 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% of maximum speed, with a 5-minute passive recovery between each effort. Fingertip blood samples were taken after each 200-m repetition and were immediately analyzed using the reflectance photometry-enzymatic reaction method (Accusport, Boehringer, Germany). The speed corresponding to lactate concentrations of 4.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mmolL −1 (V4, V5, and V10) were calculated from the speed-lactate curve by interpolation of a second-order polynomial function. The lactate tolerance ability was defined as the differential velocity between blood lactate concentrations of 5.0 and 10.0 mmolL −1 (V10-V5) ( ). The reliability of using a speed-lactate test for detection of the V4 has been reported to be high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.847, p ≤ 0.05) ( ).The week before and after the experimental period and 2 days after the 5 × 200-m test, the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) on bench press was measured for the evaluation of maximal strength.
A 2-minute recovery between each effort and 2.5 kg increments, respectively, were used. The players were familiar with bench press exercises as part of their regular strength training program in the previous season. Statistical AnalysesData are expressed as mean ± SD or 90% confidence limits. A 2-way analysis of variance for independent samples and repeated measures was used to identify changes between pretraining and posttraining values in V4, V5, V10, and V10-V5.
Significant differences between groups were observed on the pretraining values of V4, V5, and V10. To control for these differences, an analysis of covariance was applied using the pretraining values as a covariate. The absolute change scores of V4, V5, V10, and V10-V5 were used as a dependent variable in each analysis. A Tukey's post hoc test was used to locate the differences between mean values. Effect size (ES) for changes of performance parameters was calculated as described by Rhea ( ).
Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to detect associations in the percentage changes between strength and specific performances indices. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. ResultsThe players were adapted to both training modes and increased their speed every 2 weeks. Swimming speed during training was increased from the first to the eighth week (HIIT 4 × 4: 1.22 ± 0.04 to 1.39 ± 0.07 ms −1, p. Swimming performance parameters and maximum strength levels before and after the 8-week training interventions.†Pretraining values for the above parameters were significantly greater in HIIT 16 × 100 group than HIIT 4 × 4 group ( p 0.05) for both groups (HIIT 4 × 4 pretraining: 88.6 ± 13.07 kg, posttraining: 88.3 ± 12.2 kg; HIIT 16 × 100 pretraining: 90.2 ± 11.6 kg, posttraining: 91.4 ± 12.3 kg). No significant correlations were detected between percentage changes in maximum strength level and the swimming performance variables ( r = 0.02 to −0.37, p 0.05).
DiscussionThe present study compared the effects of 2 different high-intensity interval training programs performed concurrently with maximum strength and specific water polo training during the precompetition period on performance indexes of elite water polo players. With a realistic training setting approach in water polo, we were able to demonstrate for the first time that both training programs improved swimming endurance parameters together with maximum strength level. Despite differences in the initial fitness level, it seems that HIIT 4 × 4 is more effective in enhancement of V4, V5, and V10, whereas HIIT 16 × 100 is superior in lactate tolerance (V10-V5) development within each respective group.Of note, we observed that the concurrent strength training and HIIT during the precompetition season is an effective regimen that enhances swimming performance parameters. In terms of endurance performance, greater improvements were induced by HIIT 4 × 4 than HIIT 16 × 100. Although the 2 groups demonstrated different baseline training status, the analysis of covariance using the pretraining values as a covariate demonstrated no difference between groups in the posttraining values of V4, V5, and V10-V5. However, V10 was improved more in the HIIT 4 × 4 group ( p = 0.05), and we cannot overlook the within-group specific improvements, which probably indicate that this was the result of different HIIT modes. Although a different initial fitness status may be critical for the training effect, this should have been partly counterbalanced by a faster and overall greater adjustment of the training speed in the HIIT 4 × 4 compared with the HIIT 16 × 100 group (increased by 14 vs.
7% within 8 weeks). Considerable increments in aerobic performance were also detected by previous studies on team sports that used concurrent strength training and HIIT 4 × 4 ( ) or HIIT 4 × 4 training in isolation ( ). It has been suggested that high-intensity training of long work intervals is more efficient for increasing aerobic capacity than HIIT of short work intervals ( ). Besides, Billat ( ) reported that when the rest interval between efforts is longer, the velocity during work intervals is greater than that obtained by shorter rest. Likewise, in the present study, greater gains in swimming speed were reached for HIIT 4 × 4 compared with HIIT 16 × 100 as the training intervention (0–8 weeks) progressed. Although in well-trained athletes, the underlying mechanisms behind these adaptations are still under investigation, the improvements in swimming endurance might be linked to the HIIT characteristics (i.e., the long work duration in combination with sufficient active recovery between bouts). It has been suggested that long work intervals are related with specific cardiovascular and muscular adaptations, such as increased content and activation of aerobic enzymes, greater muscle glycogen content ( ), increased work economy, and greater ability to buffer H + ions ( ).Moreover, the insignificant development in aerobic fitness parameters and the large (∼20%) increment in the lactate tolerance ability (i.e., V10-V5) observed in HIIT 16 × 100 group might be related to the specific HIIT characteristics.
The overload endurance swimming training slightly above the V4 is a training method during which the athlete activates both aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms. However, it seems that the frequent and long-term training at velocities greater than V4 with incomplete rest intervals may not improve the parameters related to aerobic fitness (i.e., swimming economy). A basic physiological reason that may explain this suggestion is related to the increased lactate production, which reduces muscle pH and probably leads to muscle fatigue as the training set progresses. Indeed, the players of HIIT 16 × 100 group exhibited a progressive inability to retain high exercise intensity throughout the training session and as such the exercise time from effort to effort showed 3- to 4-second increases. Therefore, the improvement in V10-V5 seems to be associated with the work to rest ratio. The shorter rest interval that was given in HIIT 16 × 100 group might have proven inadequate for lactate removal and probably have led to lactate tolerance adaptation. Along this line, the HIIT with 16 × 100 m repetitions and inadequate rest interval may be appropriate when a short period and limited time before a tournament is available.
In this case, a fast improvement of anaerobic ability may be accompanied with a meaningful (i.e., 4%) endurance improvement, concurrently with strength gain. In this group (HIIT 16 × 100), the actual 4% in V4 improvement corresponds to 12% when the baseline values were equalized for the 2 groups (extracted from the analysis of covariance). Whatever the case, players in the HIIT 16 × 100 group started the 8-week training period with high V4, V5, and V10 speed values comparable with those reported for long distance competitive swimmers (V4: 1.18–1.20 ms −1) ( ) and possibly any further speed improvement was very difficult to achieve. At the elite level, these small changes in performance may be important for the in-game efficiency.With regard to maximum strength gain, all players exhibited a significant posttraining increment in muscular strength compared with baseline values. Strength level was approximately increased by 14 and 19%, for HIIT 4 × 4 and HIIT 16 × 100 groups, respectively. Similar gains were observed after 11 weeks of combined strength and endurance training in competitive young swimmers ( ). Kraemer and Ratamess ( ) suggested that moderately trained athletes exhibit such high increments in strength level.
The strength training protocol applied in the present study (twice per week 85–90% of 1RM) is equally beneficial in strength gains to resistance training programs of lower load (60–80% 1RM) and longer duration (18 weeks) ( ). The elite players who participated in the present study were familiarized with strength endurance but not with maximal strength training and were tested during the precompetition season. Therefore, the observed high strength gain is not surprising. In addition, the unchanged body mass possibly indicates that the improvement in maximal strength level is mainly attributed to specific neuromuscular adaptations induced after high-load, high-speed (90% 1RM, 4–5 repetitions) strength training and no increments in muscle hypertrophy ( ).
Hence, it seems that the setting in the present study (maximal strength and endurance training on separate days; 2 training sessions were devoted on each component) was adequate and effective to elicit significant strength and endurance increments. Practical ApplicationsHigh-intensity interval training is a training method that enhances exercise performance in well-trained water polo players. Different work to rest ratio intervals affects the physiological adaptations occurring after HIIT.
It seems that greater gains in aerobic performance parameters can be obtained with long work intervals (4 minutes) and exercise intensity that exceeds 100% of V4. However, HIIT of shorter work duration (16 × 100 m), similar exercise intensity, and incomplete recovery time in between may induce small but practically significant endurance gains.
The HIIT 16 × 100 training seems to be superior for lactate tolerance improvements. The above results seem to have a great practical importance because water polo requires both aerobic and anaerobic demands ( ). Although a direct comparison between groups is not justified with the present experimental setting, it seems that long interval training with a long resting interval between efforts is beneficial in high-level water polo players, whereas HIIT with shorter work intervals and incomplete recovery in between is adequate to induce meaningful gains to a higher ability group of players (i.e., players who possess a high pretraining endurance capacity). Moreover, the present data support the opinion that strength, HIIT, and specific water polo training, performed concurrently, positively affects exercise performance.
It is noteworthy that both group of players showed significant improvement within a short period of training and reach competitive readiness with this type of concurrent training. It seems that these improvements are comparable with strength or endurance training programs when performed in isolation. Additionally, it seems that the order of training components applied in the present study is appropriate for meaningful strength gain, allowing time for the required specific water polo training. Future studies are necessary to explore the underlying factors that stimulate benefits from concurrent training in elite water polo players.In conclusion, high-intensity swimming training concurrently performed with maximal strength training improves muscle strength and allows specific adaptations leading to enhancement of swimming performance indices of elite water polo players. Relative to players' initial ability level, both training modes seem effective for the improvement of endurance ability when they are applied concurrently with strength training. AcknowledgmentsThe authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of coaches T.
Karamanis, and the water polo players for their contribution. The authors have no professional relationships with companies or manufacturers that might benefit from the results of the study. There is no financial support for this project and no funds were received for this study. The results of this study do not constitute endorsement of any product by the authors or the National Strength and Conditioning Association.